Explanation:

The activities of a mutual fund, including collecting money from investors, creating, and managing the portfolio, are subject to SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) regulations. SEBI regulates and oversees the functioning of mutual funds in India to ensure investor protection, transparency, and fair practices in the capital markets. The other options—Mutual funds, RBI (Reserve Bank of India), and Stock exchange—are not the primary regulatory entities governing the activities of mutual funds.

Explanation:

Spread and impact costs are expenses that arise due to market imperfections or a lack of liquidity. These costs encompass the difference between the bid and ask prices (spread) and the impact on the price caused by executing a large trade in a market with limited liquidity.

Explanation:

The issue process, intermediaries involved, disclosure norms, and every step of the primary issue process are subject to regulatory supervision. This implies that regulatory authorities oversee and enforce rules and guidelines to ensure fair, transparent, and compliant practices in the primary issuance of securities.

Explanation:

Optionally Convertible Debentures (OCD) are securities that can be converted into equity shares at the discretion of the debenture holders. Unlike Fully Convertible Debentures (FCD), which must be compulsorily converted into equity shares, OCD gives debenture holders the choice to convert or retain their debentures as debt. Partly Convertible Debentures (PCD) involve partial conversion, and Convertible Debentures (CD) is a general term for debentures with conversion features.

Explanation:

Market valuation benefits issuers when they need to raise further capital from the market by providing an indication of the price at which new capital could be issued. It involves assessing the market’s perception of the company’s value, which aids in determining the potential pricing for new capital issuance.

Explanation:

Investors in differential voting rights generally enjoy a higher rate of dividend. This is because differential voting rights shares often grant fewer voting rights to shareholders, and in return, companies may offer a higher rate of dividend to compensate for the reduced influence on corporate decision-making.

Explanation:

The secondary market is also called both the stock exchange (option a) and the securities exchange (option b). These terms are often used interchangeably to refer to the marketplace where existing securities, previously issued in the primary market, are bought and sold among investors.

Explanation:

Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from the value of an underlying asset or reference rate. They can be based on various types of underlying assets, including debt instruments, shares, loans, and other financial instruments.

Explanation:

R-WAP is only an additional option and not a replacement for the ASBA (Application Supported by Blocked Amount) process. ASBA is a process that allows investors to apply for shares in IPOs without the need for funds to be blocked in their bank accounts. R-WAP is an alternative portal for applying in public issues, providing investors with an additional option for the application process.

Explanation:

Commodities can be classified into different categories such as soft commodities, bullion & base metals, and energy. All these categories collectively encompass a wide range of tangible goods and raw materials traded in commodity markets. The correct answer is option d) All the above.